With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second and the eighth in the. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations.
Located in the, Berlin is influenced by a seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes. First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the (1701–1918), the (1871–1918), the (1919–1933) and the (1933–1945). Was the third largest municipality in the world. After, the city became divided into —the capital of —and, a surrounded by the (1961–1989). Following in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Berlin is a of culture, politics, media, and science. Its economy is primarily based on the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of, media corporations, and convention venues. Berlin also serves as a continental hub for air and rail transport, and is a popular tourist destination. Significant industries include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, electronics, traffic engineering, and renewable energy.
Berlin is home to renowned universities, research institutes, orchestras, museums, and celebrities, as well as host of many sporting events. Its urban settings and historical legacy have made it a popular location for international film productions. The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, public transportation networks and a.
Map of Berlin in 1688 The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin is a wooden beam dated from approximately 1192. The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Is first mentioned in 1197 and in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920. The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns.
On the is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the in what is now called the, is referenced in a document from 1244. The former is considered to be the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties and eventually merged in 1307 and came to be known as Berlin. In 1435, became the of the, which he ruled until 1440. His successor,, established Berlin as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as. In 1448, citizens rebelled in the 'Berlin Indignation' against the construction of a new royal palace by Frederick II Irontooth.
This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. In 1451 Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free city. In 1539, the electors and the city officially became. (1712–1786) was one of Europe's. The between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were damaged or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population., known as the 'Great Elector', who had succeeded his father as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance.